How to Prevent Osteoporosis

Osteoporosis is a condition of weakened bones. Low levels of certain minerals in the body, such as calcium and phosphorous, can lead to the condition. This condition typically appears later in life. Persons over 40 years of age are at an increased risk. Although women are more commonly diagnosed with osteoporosis, both women and men may be affected. Tobacco or alcohol use also may increase the risk of developing osteoporosis.

Bisphosphonates used for the treatment of osteoporosis include alendronate (Fosamax), ibandronate (Boniva), risedronate (Actonel), and zoledronic acid (Zometa). Bisphosphonates reduce bone resorption and increase bone mineral density and strength. These medications work to reduce the risk of fractures. Raloxifene (Evista) is another medication that may be prescribed for women with osteoporosis who are unable to take bisphosphonates. Raloxifene is a selective estrogen receptor modulator that works to prevent bone loss by mimicking some actions of estrogen. Adults should obtain 1,000 to 1,500 mg calcium each day, along with vitamin D, as a preventive measure against the development of osteoporosis. A healthy diet and regular physical activity are also recommended for the prevention of osteoporosis and promotion of bone health.

Some Medications Can Affect Potassium Levels

Hypokalemia (low potassium) is a reduced amount of this mineral in the blood. Certain medications that are prescribed for high blood pressure may cause a loss of potassium as a side effect. Thiazide diuretics (such as hydrochlorothiazide and chlorthalidone) and loop diuretics (such as furosemide and torsemide) may cause this effect. However, potassium-sparing diuretics, such as spironolactone and triamterene, could cause the opposite effect, or an increase in potassium, known as hyperkalemia (high potassium). Although a small reduction in the amount of potassium will not typically cause symptoms, abnormal heart rhythm, muscle spasms, or paralysis may result if the reduction in potassium is too large or uncontrolled. Fatigue or constipation could also occur with hypokalemia.

Hypokalemia can be prevented by increasing the intake of certain fruits and vegetables rich in potassium (e.g. broccoli, and sweet potatoes). The DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) eating plan is recommended for persons with hypertension. Potassium supplements (Micro-K, Klor-Con) are also available for the prevention of hypokalemia. Other medication types that may lead to hyperkalemia include the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) medications.

Treatment Options for Bronchiectasis

Bronchiectasis involves a continuous productive cough due to an infection. There is blockage of the airways as well as inflammation of the airways. Wheezing, difficulty breathing, and chest pain are symptoms of this condition. Bronchiectasis occurs more commonly in women, and the risk of being affected by the condition increases with age. Cystic fibrosis is a medical condition that can lead to bronchiectasis. Cigarette smoking may also increase the risk of this condition.

Antibiotics may be prescribed for treatment of coughing episodes and to reduce the risk for another infection. Fluoroquinolone antibiotics, such as ciprofloxacin, may be used. Tobramycin (Tobi) is an inhaled antibiotic that may also prescribed. These medications may also be taken at the same time. Inhaled glucocorticoids, such as fluticasone (Flovent), may be used to reduce inflammation of the airways. For those also affected by cystic fibrosis, dornase alfa (Pulmozyme) may be prescribed. It works to decrease the thickness of mucus, which allows air to flow better through the lungs. Persons with the condition also may be affected by gastroesophageal reflux. A proton pump inhibitor, such as omeprazole (Prilosec), or an H2 blocker, such as cimetidine (Tagamet), may be used for suppression of stomach acid.

Management of Cardiac DCM

A cardiomyopathy is a health problem related to the heart muscle. There are several different types of cardiomyopathy; dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is one such type. This condition is an abnormality in the contraction of the heart ventricles, and dilation of the heart. Persons with DCM have systolic dysfunction, which results in a reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). A diagnosis of DCM may include a LVEF of less than 40 percent. Persons between the ages of 20 and 60 years are primarily affected by the condition; however, persons of any age may be diagnosed with DCM. Symptoms include difficulty breathing while exercising, difficulty breathing at night, and swelling.

Persons who are diagnosed with DCM may be prescribed medications based on symptoms and whether other conditions are present. Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, such as ramipril (Altace) and lisinopril (Zestril, Prinivil) may be prescribed. Beta-blockers, such as propranolol (Inderal), may be prescribed along with ACE inhibitors. Diuretics, such as furosemide (Lasix) may also be prescribed in addition to other medications. Surgery may be needed for those who do not respond to available medications.